Fast Food Nation Death in the Fast Food Lane Essay

Fast Food Nation, by Eric Schlosser, is a stark and unrelenting look into the fast food industry that has ingrained itself in not only American culture, but in many cultures around the world. There is almost no place on earth that the golden arches has not entered. Aside from Antarctica, there is a McDonalds on every continent, and the number of countries that have fast food restaurants is growing on a daily basis. Schlosser describes in detail what happens behind the scenes, before the hamburger and fries come wrapped in environmentally safe paper and are consumed by millions of people daily. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are several stories that stick out in my mind. First is the one about a rancher in Colorado. He had resisted†¦show more content†¦They want the job to be as easy and training-free as possible, due to their want for uniformity. Uniformity seems to be the way of things at McDonald’s – uniformity and conformity. If you cannot conform to the mold of a McDonald’s worker, they will simply find people who will, and they don’t have to train them all over again, because the job only requires that you know how to push a button or respond to a light or a beep. The last thing that stands out is the amount of contamination that can occur because of the way these animals are slaughtered. One hamburger from Burger King can contain meat from a thousand different cows. If only one of those cows were sick, then the person eating it can get sick. Then you multiply by how many packages of meat or hamburger was processed that could possibly have that one sick animal in it, you have an epidemic. One sick animal can contaminate – and cause the recall of – over 400,000 pounds of meat. That’s a lot of meat to have to bring back, and there are countless people who may have already eaten it and gotten sick, or, like the 6-year-old in the book, died. All of these things – and the whole book in general – has turned me off of fast food forever I think. I’ll never look at McDonald’s in the same way again. The food is full of grease, fat, and bacteria that could kill. The food also has hundreds of chemicals in it to make it taste the way it should,Show MoreRelated Cause and Effect Essay - McDonalds Causes More Deaths than Terrorists1856 Words   |  8 PagesCause and Effect Essay - McDonalds Causes More Deaths than Terrorists It was probably inevitable that one day people would start suing McDonalds for making them fat. That day came this summer, when New York lawyer Samuel Hirsch filed several lawsuits against McDonalds, as well as four other fast-food companies, on the grounds that they had failed to adequately disclose the bad health effects of their menus. 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Corporate Finance Assignment 1 - 708 Words

Assigment 1 Problem 1 a) â€Å"The fact that firms so heavily rely on their internal capital market as a source of financing is strong evidence that internal markets are more efficient than external markets.† Firms use internal capital because it is much easier for managers to use profits from previous years to finance their investments, management don ´t have to prove their investment decisions to investors. If management would need to finance investment with external capital, the cost of the capital would much higher than using internal capital. Issues would cause direct costs for (jà ¤rjestà ¤misestà ¤) and take time and effort from the management. Indirect costs could also (accure) when management would need to underprice the issue to†¦show more content†¦b) Problem 3 – IPO Underpricing a) average initial return on IPO`s = (40% + 20% + 0% + (-12%))/4 = 12% b) 10 000 * 0,1 + 10 000 * 0,2 + 10 000 + 10 000 = 23 000 c) 1 000 * 1,4 + 2 000 * 1,2 + 10 000 * 1 + 10 000 * (0,88) = 22 600 i) 100% * ((22 600 – 23 000) / 23 000) = -1,74 % ii) 22 600 – 23 000 = - 400euros. d) Winner ´s curse Uninformed investors, such as Ms.Smith, will get relatively more overprised than underprised shares. 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Role of media on New Religious Movements free essay sample

The media are significant actors in events leading to episodes of violence involving New Religious Movements since their emergence from the West in the 1960’s. The word cult has become associated with negative emotional connotations which made the public to have a general perception that it should be hated, feared or be avoided. The complexity of this subject has led scholars to abandon the popular term cult and agreed on a more neutral term New Religious Movements. In theology, cults are groups which deviate from traditional forms of Christian orthodoxy. Therefore, the writer is going to focus on the role of the media in public perceptions of New Religious Movements with special reference to some groups where violence has occurred. In this twenty first century, very few people are interested in NRMs that they seek out knowledge about them unless they have a specific interest in that area. They also never read any literature from them and neither do they make contact with the movements directly in order to learn more about them. Lack of information leads to misunderstandings and conflicts that affect the NRMs and all other things religious as society becomes more and more secular. Therefore, the media plays an important role in informing the public and it relies on it the mostly. The journalists are found to be the greatest cheats imaginable, they will disassemble, lie, sniffle and if possible overreach and defraud all who deal with them in order to qualify their acts and to be more secure. Therefore, what is portrayed and how it is portrayed has a great influence on forming public opinion. The NRMs quickly became controversial because they arrived at the same time and persuaded some people that a new invasion of the body snatchers had occurred. Secondly, the movements which drew on Asian philosophies and cultures tended to arouse suspicions merely for being foreign and therefore perceived as threatening. Thirdly, the people who were targeted by the new movements were mainly young, relatively well educated, middle-class students who were obviously not deprived. This means that their aggrieved relatives and former friends tended to have the money, connections and confidence required to make their complaints heard in centres of influence and power, at least at local levels. The list of complaints voiced against controversial NRMs grew so long that anti-cult organizations began to emerge in the early 1970s to combat what they considered to be a major menace to young people. Allegations of economic exploitation, mental cruelty, the deliberate alienation of recruits from their families, deceptive recruiting practices, harmful diets and life-styles, sexual abuse and, of course, brainwashing were widespread. The high-water mark of anti-cult feeling probably occurred in the late 1970s following the death of more than 900 followers of the Reverend Jim Jones at Jonestown, Guyana. This was also the period of the most rapid growth in membership of the most notorious cults. Therefore, given the secretiveness or defensiveness of most controversial cults, some journalists came to play a crucial role as go-betweens and arbitrators between NRMS, their members and angry outsiders. Only ex-members could rival the privileged position of a few investigative journalists; but most ex-members were understandably reluctant to talk freely about their former commitments. In these circumstances, the role of groups in the anti-cult movement has assumed significant proportions. Cult controversies cannot be properly understood unless the symbiotic relationship between these anti-cult groups and journalists is taken into account. Some anti-cult movements are not connected to any religion and do not criticize the NRM’s on the basis of their doctrines, but attack them from a legal, economic, psychological and political viewpoint. This means that what they do is easily understandable by the public and they are eager to pass on their information through the media. This disregard of the religious aspect makes the organisations seems more objective but in fact it allows for even more misunderstanding of something that is rooted in faith and spiritually. Their messages of human rights abuse, exploitation, mass suicide and violence frightens the people to an extent of seeking protection. An alliance between the ACM’s and journalists is obvious that, they need information that is appealing to their readers whilst the ACMs are eager to supply exactly just that to them. This enables the ACMs to send their message out and gain the publics’ support that will give them strong networks and become more powerful. The print and broadcast of media on NRMs is that the movements activities are newsworthy only when conflicts are involved. The articles and programmes of NRM mainly used conflict as the main occasion for the portrayal since most media organisations do not employ a specialist in religious topics. This means that any journalist available with little or no knowledge about a religion can cover any story that is newsworthy. Misunderstandings and confusion arise because of the journalist’s incorrect interpretations and assumptions. Media agencies are competitive commercial ventures because if a story comes out, they all want to release it first without giving it more time of research in order to avoid misleading the public. The most newsworthy stories are those that involve conflict and violence and therefore the ones that predominate in the media. The most tragedies and memorable have been the stories of Jonestown, the Branch Davidians at Waco, Heaven’s Gate, the Order of the Solar Temple and the Aum Shinrikyo. These stories of violence, murder, suicide and intrigue have left an impression that all cults are indeed destructive and dangerous. Stories about NRMs may not be frequent but they are reported in a very similar way. Repetition of the same themes has reinforced the public perception of them and has led to the NRM stereotype. The stereotypical cult is totalitarian, exploitative and destructive. Unfortunately this stereotype is based on the most controversial groups. The media have also failed to take into account the great diversity of the groups as well as the continually changing nature of religious groups. Journalists often add a summary of the negative characteristics of a NRM when reporting on a relatively isolated event. The journalistic construction of cult conflicts is that stories are frequently cross-referenced to other mass media items. TV programmes, for example, use still shots of newspaper and magazine headlines as devices for emphasising shock and horror. Similarly, the still photographs of cult leaders which are sometimes used in TV programmes are shown staring out of the pages of the print media. Presumably the intention is to try to enhance the sense of realism and veracity by showing that stories about a particular NRM or leader have already appeared in the print media and must therefore true. Since the information and images that are quoted in this way between different stories or media tend to be overwhelmingly, unflattering and critical, the effect is likely to reinforce the generally negative image of NRMs. In turn, this hardens public opinion against the movements and fuels the anti-cult campaigns. An allied feature of reporting cult-related conflicts in which the journalists have difficulty gaining access to relevant material is that they tend to substitute their own operation for the ostensibly central subject. This was especially clear in the case of Waco where access to the Branch Davidian compound was denied to journalists. The focus of many stories therefore became the media circus on the compounds perimeter. The fact that so many journalists were present seemed to guarantee the importance of the event at moments when nothing significant seemed to be happening. Writing stories about the stories being written by other journalists took the place of direct reports on the siege of the Branch Davidians. Perhaps this practice also helps journalists to cope with the competition for customers between different programmes. They can keep a story running despite the lack of directly relevant material which leaves the public with a very one-sided view. This will even lead social control agents no option but to be seen responding. Journalists function as the principal gatekeepers of public opinion especially on matters with which the person-in-the-street is not normally familiar. Their overwhelmingly critical portrayal of the movements can therefore contribute indirectly towards the latters control. Indeed, as many informed commentators on the debacle at Waco have pointed out, the FBI, the US Department of Justice, journalists and programme maker all tended to favour the testimony of psychological experts whose anti-cult views were well known in advance. One of the many scandalous aspects of the whole affair was the studied refusal to give credence to the testimony of sociological, anthropological, historical and theological experts on controversial NRMS. It is unlikely that any of these scholars with first-hand experience of researching these movements in their natural settings over many years would have supported the strategy and tactics adopted by the Bureau of Arms, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) and the FBI. Instead, credence was selectively given to opinions rooted in individualistic abnormal psychology. This is always newsworthy, as was shown by the fascination with the psychological condition of David Koresh. Legislators and police officials in particular find themselves under pressure to say what they intend to do about the alleged wrongdoing and outrages perpetrated by cults. Journalists seem not to be interested in the specific circumstances which led to such spectacular disasters. Instead, all the emphasis is on the presumed and unquestioned resemblance between the Peoples Temple or the Branch Davidians and cults in the UK. The authorities are forced to respond to these leading questions and are not given the opportunity to express doubts or reservations about the practice of putting all cults together. This dramatisation of the situation increases public nervousness and official defensiveness, neither of which is conducive to clear thinking and fairness. There is a danger, then, that inadvisable, panic reactions may follow. In the case of the Branch Davidians, for example, the ante at Waco was upped because of the intervention of television reporting. Lives were endangered because the story line was created and embedded in a pernicious dualism which legitimated the authorities and discouraged unconventional perspectives and opinions. The shared mentality-the corporate mentality-was served as the cultural mainstream reinforced and not challenged. Wacos Branch Davidians, then, were victims of a media-induced disaster, executed before the eyes of the nation on television. The polarisation that led to the catastrophe at Waco was inherent in neither the religious group itself-nor even in the FBI. Numerous commentators have blamed the Editor of the Waco Tribune-Herald for running the full episode of a hard-hitting expose of the Branch Davidians immediately prior to the BATFs assault on the compound. This allegedly broke an agreement with the BATF to withhold publication; and it probably forced the Bureau to take its ill-conceived action earlier than it had intended. On the other hand, it seems that the FBI placed considerably tighter restrictions on journalists covering the siege than is normal in similar events. In other words, the trade-off between journalists and authorities worked to the greater advantage of the latter. Not enough attention has been given to the consequences of sensationalist depictions of religion in a secular age. Journalists fascination with the tragedies of Jonestown and Waco stemmed not only from the exotic and improbable details of the two communitys ways of life but also from the suspicion that the cult controversies were only the tip of the iceberg. Investigative journalists had a field day with their inquiries into the possibility either that people in authority had bungled the operations to prevent loss of life and/or that attempts had been made afterwards to cover up the errors made by the forces of order. In other words, cult-related conflicts could be connected with broader concerns about the use and misuse of state power. Other examples of stories linking cults with conflicts against the state include the bombing by police of the anarcho-ecology group, MOVE, in Philadelphia; the killing by police in 1983 of all six followers of Lindberg Sanders, a self-styled Black Jesus, in a shoot-out in Memphis; and various armed assaults on dissident Mormons in Utah. The result is usually a polarisation of journalistic and public opinion between, on the one hand, the view that agents of the state acted negligently and on the other, the view that the same agents should have acted more decisively to suppress the movement in question before the problem had become unmanageable by peaceful means. But both cases illustrate the more general point that it is invariably the conflicts associated with NRMs which make them newsworthy even when responsibility for the conflicts is attributed to the state. An interesting twist on this theme quickly emerged in European print-media accounts of Waco. The long and slow-moving story of the siege provided an opportunity for journalists to investigate in depth the issues of gun ownership and control in the USA. In fact, the amount of attention devoted to this context of the action taken against the Branch Davidians sometimes outweighed reports of events at Waco. The dangerous image of cults was thereby reinforced by linking them with a separate conflict about firearms. One conflict was nested whilst the negative view of NRMs goes very much unchallenged by the public. Conclusion The mass media characterised the movements as threatening, strange, exploitative, oppressive and provocative. A content analysis of selected British print-media between 1975 and 1985 showed how this sensationalist approach helps to cement the public perception of cults as, at best, weird and, at worst, destructive and there is a strong confirmation of this analysis from the USA. On the other hand, it is clear that the reasons for the biased presentation of NRMs in the mass media are rooted in commercial pressures, cultural stereotypes and the lack of time for journalists to take a more nuanced and longer-term view of the movements. It should also be recognised that some journalists have exposed the criminal activities of a few cult leaders and have therefore been helpful in checking abuses. Indeed, the public is heavily dependent on the mass media for information about unconventional and sometimes secretive religious movements. The public is right to expect that journalists should be more methodical, discriminating, careful and open-minded than they normally are when it comes to, portraying NRMS. Their knee-jerk categorisation of the movements as problematic and dangerous is not only prejudiced and lazy but it also feeds directly into public ignorance and a less than even-handed attitude towards the movements on the part of social control agencies. The cosy relationship that many journalists have with the ACM can be an excuse for them not to do their research properly. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Web Based Parts Ordering System Essay Example For Students

Web Based Parts Ordering System Essay The part ordering and inventory system was implemented using 3-tiers architecture approach with a back-end database (MYSELF), a middle tier of Hypertext Pre-processor (PH) and Java script and a Webster (Apache) as front end client_The methodology adopted in this study is the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SCADS). The expected output of this research work is to manage Automobile products, Stock Levels, sales Management, Employee and Supplier Information Management, effective, efficient and timely automobile part ordering mechanism, tracking order capabilities and generating report. The era of information technology has brought a new dawn to the running Of inventory in organizations that deals With merchandise, warehousing and egoistic bringing forth new ideas and products which are designed to make a huge and imperative impact and a better decision on the activities of the organization in a positive way. Web based Automobile part ordering and inventory system is an effective tool that is implemented to perform important inventory operations for Lizard Motors Nigeria Limited which Will improve on the old ways of carrying out their inventory required task. . 1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Inventory is the stock of any item or resource used in an organization. An Inventory system is the set of policies and controls that monitors levels of inventory and determines what level should be maintained, when stock should be replenished and how large orders should be. By convention, manufacturing inventory generally refers to items that contribute to or become part of a firms produ ct output. Manufacturing inventory is typically classified into raw materials, finished products, components parts, supplies and work-in process. We will write a custom essay on Web Based Parts Ordering System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In services, inventory generally refers to tangible goods to be sold and supplies necessary to administer the service. The basic purpose of inventory analysis in manufacturing and stock keeping services is to specify when items should be ordered and how argue the order should be. Many firms are tending to enter into longer-term relationships With vendors to supply their needs for perhaps the entire year. This changes the when and how to ordeal to when and how many to deliver. A key element in reducing inventory is better information. The better the information concerning what we have and what we need, the fewer inventories needed. The economic benefit from inventory reduction is evident from the following statistics: The average cost of inventory across all manufacturing in the United States is 30 to 35 percent of its value. For example, if a firm carries an inventory of $20 million, it costs the firm more than $6 million per year, These costs are due to obsolescence, insurance, opportunity costs and so forth. It the amount of inventory could he reduced to SIS million for instance, the firm would save over $3 million which goes directly to the bottom line. I. E. The savings trot reduced inventory has increased profit. An inventory system provides the organizational structure and the operating policies for maintaining and controlling goods to be stocked. The system is responsible for ordering and receipts of goods, timing he order placement and keeping track of what has been ordered, how much and from whom, The system must also follow up to answer such questions as; has the supplier received the order? Has it been supplied? Are the dates correct? Are the procedures established for reordering or returning undesirable merchandise? A web-based Automobile part ordering and inventory management system allows restricted users to access, monitor, and maintain the companys inventory from any web browser either from their offices, homes, laptops and even phones(black berries). They can also check stock evils, order replacement ,monitor distributions, generate and print reports etc. This project is a business solution application that is intended to solve Lizard automobiles ordering and inventory management problems,so constant communication between the client and the developer of the system wastage n into serious consideration for the requirement to be fully understood and for it to be analyzed Nina way that the client will expect it to be achieved because intends to redesign their business process they have been using in the past which is proving robe a problem to them now. For the project to be Successful yachted project management strategy had to be carried out and software development lifestyle was also incorporated in the development. Lizard automobile part ordering and inventory management is used to monitor and manage the stock to their products used in the organization. An Inventory system is the set of policies and controls that monitors levels of inventory and determines what level should be maintained, when stock should be replenished and how large orders should be, I . STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS An issue that always comes to mind is how we apply technology to minimize sots and maximize profit. This project recommends a greater application of computers and Information Technology to replace manual inventory systems. Some of the drawbacks in the manual system are; time wastage in taking stocks and the inventory, delay in purchase ordering, inconsistent sales, employee and supplier management, Inaccuracy report constituted, Inadequate use of resou rces, Monotonous work done by some members of staff of the organization etc. Hence, leading to the design Of an automated web- based Lizard Automobile part ordering and Inventory system. 13 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The aim of this project is to carry out a web-based design and implementation of a Lizard Automobile part ordering and inventory management system based on the information given from the company. The Objectives of the study are: Design a web based inventory system for Lizard Nigeria Limited. To ensure quick and accurate inventory, To enhance better and easy Atmospherically ordering mechanism. Unique, secure logins for all user and administrators Design better sales, Employee and Supplier management system. To effectively link part ordering, inventory, and sale management all in one easy to use web- eased platform. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY It is not always easy to manage a large firm manually. Keeping tracks of records or products manually could take a long time. There is a need for accurate record keeping. For example, keeping tracks of all goods i,e, sold goods, remaining goods in the store, when to order for raw materials, has the supplier received the order, has it been supplied, are the dates correct etc. I _S SCOPE POP STUDY The project will focus on some of the products and activities of Lizard Nigeria Limited. It is going to involve the management Of their products, suppliers and employee management, making purchase orders, track order, generate and print reports and receipts suppliers and the entire inventory management. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The application Will work perfectly for top level (direct procurement) department of the organization but with a little work and networking done on it, it could work for other departments in the organization. Certain factors could act as a hindrance to the design of the system. These factors are: Finance Inadequate inventory data 1. THE DEFINITION OF THE TERMS Inventory: A complete list to items, a quantity of goods in stock Stock: Supply f goods or materials available for sale or use. System: A system is a set of interrelated parts that work together to achieve a common goal. Inventory system: A set of policies and controls that monitors level of inventory or determines what levels should be maintained. Database: Any collection of data or information that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .postImageUrl , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:hover , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:visited , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:active { border:0!important; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:active , .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1 .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc63063d1bbb072a1034bd87cd2b4eaa1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Can you love someone too much? EssayWeb-based Application: it is a software package that can be accessed through the web browser. Business Solution Software: is generally any software program that helps business increase productivity or measure their productivity. Apache: commonly referred as Apache HTTP server, is a web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the world vivid web. Inventory system: A set Of policies and controls that monitors level Of inventory or determines what levels should be maintained. Supply chain: A supply chain or logistics network is the system Of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Stock-cut: A situation where stock runs out. Logistics: is a channel of the supply chain which adds the value of time and place utility. Automobile: A vehicle. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 RELEVANT LITERATURE REVIEW There are many background studies that are basic to the issue examined by this study: therefore, thorough examination of related literature seems appropriate. Review work, in this case is divided into these sections: 2. INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS PROCESS RE. ENGINEERING (BPR) The concept of business process re-engineering (BPR) came into existence from the observation and the practices of highly successful organizations in the asses and early asses(Davenport, 1993, Hammer, 1990; Hammer Champs, 1993) as tied in Jaguar and Spinally(1999), although to truly understand PR one has to le arn from the world of organizational experience. That is, to look at what other organization have done, their feedback, mistakes, results and probably their approach to re-engineering Jaguar and spinal (1999). . 1. I Business process Re-Engineering Definition: There are so many authors with different definition for the word business process Re-Engineering because of their various understanding. For Prepared and Rowland (1995) BPR is the improvement in performance by redesigning the processes through which an organization operates, maximizing their value-added content and minimizing everything else. While Davenport and Short (1990 cited in Herzog et al. , 2007, p. 5813) described BPR as the analysis and design of work flows and processes within, and between, organizations. Hammer and Champs (1993) as cited in Herzog et al (2007) further illustrated it as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures Of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. The Author understands BPR as the process of restructuring an organization entire business processes or individual processes as a result Of flans in services in other to elevate their production and gain a competitive edge With the aid Of Information Technology. Over the years, so many organizations have implemented business process re-engineering(BPR) into their business activities for so many reasons, either for cutting competitive edge through the use of Information technology for automation of various business processes while some organization have rejected BPR due to lack of knowledge on the effective strategic way of implementing BPR to achieve success (Collusion-Thomas t a, 1996). This is further illustrated with the diagram below: Fig. 2: The flow of Business Process (Totally and Gunner, 2008, p. 745) Business Process is reviewed here by the author in other to illustrate that the critical study on how an organization business process flows is very essential and effective for the implementation of BPR through I. T. 2. 2 AUTOMOBILE PART ORDERING Automobile Part ordering is the process of making orders of automobile products from the manufactures or any other dealers E. G. Spare parts of some automobile products. It can be ordered onlin e or direct to from dealers warehouse through electrification devices. 2. RIDER ENG MANAGEMENT SYSTEM An order management system, or MOMS, is a computer software system used in a number of industries for order entry and processing activities. Orders can be received from businesses, consumers, or a mix Of both, depending on the products. Offers and pricing may be done via catalogs, websites, or broadcast network advertisements. An integrated order management system may encompass these modules: Product Information (descriptions, attributes, locations, quantities) Inventory management Vendors, Purchasing, and Receiving Marketing (Catalogs, promotions, pricing) Customers and Prospects Order Entry and Customer Service (including Returns and Refunds) Financial Processing (credit cams, billing, payment on account) Order Processing (selection, printing, picking, packing, shipping) Data Analysis and Reporting Financial (Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, General Ledger) There are several business domains which use MOMS for different purposes but the core reasons remain the same: l) Telecoms To keep track of customers, accounts, credit verification, product delivery, billing etc 2) Retail Large retail companies SE MOMS to keep track of orders from customers, stock level maintenance, packaging and shipping. 3) Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare. 4) Automotive to keep track of parts sourced through Memos 5) Financial services Order Management requires multiple Steps in a sequential process like Capture, Validation, Fraud Check, Payment Authorization, Sourcing, Backorder management, Pick, pack, ship and a ssociated customer communications. Order management systems usually have workflow capabilities to manage this process. Recent advancements in order management systems saw the emergence Of mobile phone based order capture. Mobile sales order management systems like Fieldsman enables capture of sales order information using simple mobile phones 23. PURCHASE ORDER A purchase order (POP) is a counterarguments issued by a puberty a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will provide to the buyer, Sending a purchase order to a supplier constitutes a legal offer to buy products or services. Acceptance of a purchase order by a seller usually forms a one-off contraceptive the buyer and seller, 50 no contract exists until the purchase order is accepted. There are several reasons why companies use purchase orders, Purchase orders allow buyers to clearly and explicitly communicate their intentions to sellers, and sellers are protected in case of a buyers refusal to pay for goods or services. Purchase orders also help a purchasing agent manage incoming orders and pending orders. Purchase orders also are an economical choice for a business because they streamline the purchasing process to a standard procedure. An Electronic Purchase Orders Many Purchase Orders are no longer paper-based, but rather transmitted electronically over the Internet. It is common for electronic purchase orders to be used to buy goods Or services online for services or physical goods Of any type. 2. COMPUTERS AND INVENTORY Inventory control systems maintain information about activities Within firms that ensure the delivery of products to customers. The subsystems that perform these functions include sales, manufacturing, warehousing, ordering, and receiving. In different firms, the activities associated with each of these areas may not be strictly contained within separate subsystems, but these functions must be performed in sequence in order to have a well-run inventory control yester. In todays business environment, even small and midsized businesses have come to rely on computerized inventory management systems. Certainly, there are plenty to small retail outlets, manufacturers, and other businesses that continue to rely on manual means of inventory tracking (Reference for business inventory, 2010). Automation can dramatically impact all phases of inventory management, including counting and monitoring of inventory items; recording and retrieval of item storage location: recording changes to inventory; and anticipating inventory needs, including inventory handling requirements. This is true even of stand-alone systems that are not integrated with other areas of the business, but many analysts indicate that productivity and profitability gains that are geared through use of automated systems can be increased even more when a business integrates its inventory control systems with other systems such as accounting and sales to better control inventory levels (Reference for business inventory, 2010). As Dennis Askew noted in PC Week 1995, business executives are increasingly integrating financial data, such as accounts receivable, with sales information that includes customer histories. Godwin Dud (1993) described telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a company realize important competitive gains in the area Of inventory management. He noted that companies that make good use of this technology are far better equipped to succeed than those who rely on outdated or unwieldy methods of inventory control. 2. STOCK MANAGEMENT S tock management is the function of understanding the stock mix of a company and the different demands on that stock. The demands are influenced by both external and internal factors and are balanced by the creation of Purchase order quests to keep supplies at a reasonable or prescribed level. 2. 6 LOGISTICS Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources, including energy and people, between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requirements to consumers (frequently, and originally, military organizations). Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, and inventory, warehousing, material- handling, and packaging. .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .postImageUrl , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:hover , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:visited , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:active { border:0!important; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:active , .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846 .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub60cb96e9d4c1e3859b94a116bc4b846:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Pearl - How Greed Destroys People EssayLogistics is a channel of the supply chain which adds the value of time and place utility. 2. 7 LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Logistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called a logistical. 28 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management (SCM) is the management Of a network Of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate p rovision of product and service packages required by end customers (Harlan, 1996). Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption 2. 81 Activities,functions Supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to manage the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and then the movement of finished goods out of the organization toward the end-consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they have reduced their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations, Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and improving inventory velocity. SWAB BASED INVENTORY SYSTEM Though many users may balk at the idea of leaving the familiar world of desktop software, the benefits of Secure Storage, sharing files and accessibility makes managing data with secure web applications a smart move. 2. 9. View Based System This is an online software that can be installed on a web server or network server and runs on a web browser. A web application is an application that is accessed over a nonvoter such as an internet or an intranet. Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity few browsers and the convenience of using the web browser as a client. 2. 9. 2 Why use A Web Based System? A web based system is the future medium for nearly all small and medium sized business software applications. Web based software will continue to become more pervasive in the coming years and the reasons are simple: Familiar Interface: The internet browser is the most commonly used software today. Its high level to use results in an inherent familiarity with users Platform Independence: Inventory can be accessed from a desktop, a laptop, a PDA or even a cell phone which makes it platform independent user Management: Managing information security within organizations and outside organizations s of paramount importance. Web based software affords organizations the freedom to set a multi-leveled user workspace environment and accordingly restrict the access to information each browser is granted. Security: Online inventory allows password protected access to authorized users and data is stored and encrypted. Support: The web based system can be updated remotely so the organization does not incur costly charges for on-site visits. Information Backup: When using a web based software, backups are performed automatically at regulated intervals Vichy spare members of the organization the responsibility f performing time-consuming procedures. 2. 1 THE FUTURE OF INVENTORY SYSTEMS In the latter part of the asses, many businesses invested heavily in integrated order and inventory systems designed to keep inventories at a minimum and replenish stock quickly. But business owners have a variety of system integration options from Which to choose, based on their needs and financial liquidity. At the same time that these integrated systems have increased in popularity, business observers have suggested that stand-alone systems are falling into disavow. A 1996 study by the International Mass Retail Association (MIRA), for example, included that stand alone Inventory Management System (AIMS) packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. (Reference for Business Inventory, 2010) CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS In the dynamic world, the subject system analysis and design mainly deals with the software development activities. In this chapter, the necessary Steps in developing the software will be discussed. 3. METHODOLOGY This is denned as a framework that is used to Structure, plan, and control the recess of developing an information system (Wisped, 2008). It is used to refer to a specific series of steps or procedure which governs the analysis and design of a particular project. Methodology includes the methods, techniques and procedures which are used to collect and analyze information. Various methodologies include: SCADS, prototyping and DOME. In this project work, the methodology to be employed will involve the design and implementation of a user-friendly application. PH will be employed as the programming language for the design of the interface and Myself will be used as the Database. This project will also be carried out through; Project research topics had to be considered in order to aid the development Research on existing inventory systems must be considered. Analyzing the subject matter and identifying the drawbacks. Deployment of a web-based part ordering and inventory system using wampum server and PH programming language. Visit to some departments such as IT department, Supply chain, logistics and warehouse of Lizard Nigeria Limited (Lagos Factory). 3. 1 STRUCTURED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY (SCADS) The methodology adopted in this study is the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SCADS). It is a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems. SCADS is a waterfall method by which an information systems design can be arrived at. SCADS starts With a definition Of problem or current System problems and Feasibility studies. An analysis of the present system is performed before the design of the new system.